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Wednesday 22nd of May 2019 |
Morning Africa |
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The Latest Daily PodCast can be found here on the Front Page of the site http://www.rich.co.ke
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Howard Waring French (born October 14, 1957) is an American journalist, author, and photographer, as well as professor at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Africa |
His latest book is Everything Under the Heavens: How the Past Helps Shape China's Push for Global Power (Knopf, March 2017). His most recent work for The New York Times was centered on China where he was the paper's Shanghai bureau chief, from 2003 to 2008. French was New York Times bureau chief for the Caribbean and Central America from 1990 to 1994; he covered Haiti, Cuba, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and numerous other countries. He was one of the newspaper's first black correspondents.[1] From 1994 to 1998, French covered West and Central Africa for the Times, reporting on wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Central Africa, with particular attention to the fall of the longtime dictator of Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko. From 1998 to 2003, French was Tokyo Bureau Chief for the Times, covering Japan and the Koreas. In addition to his native English, French speaks Mandarin, French, and Portuguese.[2] He became Tokyo bureau chief for the Times in 1999, after a year studying Japanese at the University of Hawaii in Manoa. He has written for The New York Review of Books and also contributed frequently to The Atlantic and to "The Guardian Longreads".
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A Continent for the Taking: The Tragedy and Hope of Africa By Howard French Knopf, $25.00 Africa |
A Continent for the Taking: The Tragedy and Hope of Africa By Howard French Knopf, $25.00
Early in his rambles through West Africa as a correspondent for The New York Times, Howard French arrived in Lagos, the steamy financial capital of Nigeria. The most populous nation in Africa had just been taken over by Gen. Sani Abacha, a sinister figure who concealed his eyes behind dark sunglasses and who had a predilection for ordering" Mafia-style hits against political opponents. Nigeria's promise had long since been frittered away by a succession of corrupt military dictators and civilian rulers, but under Abacha, who seized power in 1993, the thievery had become ever more brazen. Within minutes of his arrival, French was set upon by both a rapacious immigration official and a soldier who demanded his passport and threatened him with arrest. Then the reporter's Nigerian "fixer," David, stepped in, rebuking the assailants and holding firm even as the soldier raised his gun. As the soldier beat a retreat, David offered French some cogent counsel. "You must never fear those people," he says. "If you do, you are finished."
It is a piece of advice that French had repeatedly to fall back on in the course of his four years as the Timed roving bureau chief based in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. A Continent for the Taking: The Traged and Hope of Africa, his vivid, disquieting memoir of those times, conjures up a succession of flailed states in which the shakedown is a way of life, destitute soldiers terrorize civilians at will, and the slightest display of weakness becomes an invitation for predation. In chapter after evocative chapter, he chronicles the murderous kleptocracy of Abacha in Nigeria, the outbreak of the deadly Ebola virus in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo), the drug-and-diamond-fueled carnage in Liberia, and the epic fall of Zairian dictator Mobutu. It's depressing, Hobbesian stuff. Yet in sharp contrast to Out of America, Keith Richburg's bitingly pessimistic account of his years as an African- American correspondent covering the Rwandan genocide and clan warfare in Somalia, French, also an African American, sees Africa as a continent still dense with possibility. The tug of war between ordinary citizens yearning for democracy and ruthless leaders determined to squelch those aspirations is one of the driving themes behind French's book. So, too, is the often-destructive role played by the United States, which, as lie documents, propped up the worst of these dictators and demagogues, then often stood by as their nations disintegrated around them.
Macro Thoughts
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"We have a deviate, Tomahawk." "We copy. There's a voice." "We have gross oscillation here." Africa |
“There’s some interference. I have gone redundant but I’m not sure it’s helping.” “We are clearing an outframe to locate source.” “Thank you, Colorado.” “It is probably just selective noise. You are negative red on the step-function quad.” “It was a voice,” I told them. “We have just received an affirm on selective noise... We will correct, Tomahawk. In the meantime, advise you to stay redundant.” The voice, in contrast to Colorado’s metallic pidgin, is a melange of repartee, laughter, and song, with a “quality of purest, sweetest sadness”. “Somehow we are picking up signals from radio programmes of 40, 50, 60 years ago.”
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12-SEP-2016 :: Mirrors on the ceiling, The pink champagne on ice Africa |
If volatility spikes, positions are going to be reduced en masse. Or to put it another way and to borrow the lyrics from the Eagles Hotel California:
Mirrors on the ceiling, The pink champagne on ice And she said “We are all just prisoners here, of our own device” Last thing I remember, I was Running for the door I had to find the passage back To the place I was before “Relax,” said the night man, “We are programmed to receive. You can check-out any time you like, But you can never leave! “ What is clear is that we are at the fag-end of this party.
Conclusions
It took a long time to unwind but unwind it will
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President Widodo secures victory in election, with challenges ahead @XHNews Law & Politics |
President Joko Widodo has won the election by a margin of 55.5 percent of the vote while his rival, ex-general Prabowo Subianto, got 44.5 percent. Widodo is set to start his second term of 5-year presidency in October this year. Observers believe that his victory shows that the public has casted a "confidence vote" on his first term of office, and Widodo, who has been re-mandated by voters, is expected make a push of greater in-depth reforms.
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China Has a Rare Chance to Strike Back on @Huawei @bopinion Law & Politics |
It’s hard to think of more potent symbolism: In one of his first public outings since President Donald Trump’s decision to blacklist Huawei Technologies Co., President Xi Jinping decided Monday to visit a rare earths plant. Rare earths have traditionally been a tool of China’s political-economic fights. When Beijing fell out with Tokyo in a 2010 dispute about the ownership of some islands east of Taiwan, it cut export quotas for the minerals and halted shipments to Japan altogether. That was a potentially powerful weapon. Japan’s technology industry depends on rare earths, which are useful in niche applications such as light-emitting diodes and the high-strength neodymium magnets popular in YouTube science videos. At the time, China accounted for around 97% of global production, leaving Japan Inc. at the mercy of Beijing’s customs officials – and, more to the point, their bosses. That bit of muscle-flexing hasn’t entirely worked in China’s favor. Global consumption of rare earths, which had gone up by 27% in the five years before the 2010 dispute, fell by 7.2% over the following five years as consumers found ways to reduce their dependence on an unreliable supplier. Thanks to its ownership of mines in the Democratic Republic of Congo, an offtake agreement with Glencore Plc, and its dominance of processing capacity, China produces about 80 percent of the world’s cobalt chemicals, too. Battery-grade nickel – another key ingredient for electric-car cells – is heading the same way, with Chinese-backed projects in Indonesia producing high-grade nickel and cobalt likely to dominate supply increases over the next few years. In normal times, one wouldn’t want to worry too much about this. As with rare earths (and, in the 1970s, crude oil), any attempt to subject vital commodities to political control is likely to lead to demand destruction and efforts by consumers to diversify supply sources. But what’s happening with Huawei should be a hint that these are not normal times.
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Currency vs USD YoY @radicalAdem World Currencies |
Egypt: +5% Mexico: +3% Japan: -0.3% India: -1.8% Indonesia: -2.1% Canada: -4.5% Euro: -4.6% UK: -4.7% Russia: -5.1% China: -8.8% Australia: -9% South Korea: -11% Brazil: -11% South Africa: -15% Pakistan: -31% Turkey: -32% Argentina: -83% Via @spectatorindex
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Bonds Tied to Online Loans Are Getting Riskier, @FitchRatings Warns @markets International Trade |
Debt graders are giving high ratings to riskier and riskier bonds from online lenders, Fitch Ratings warned in a report that swipes at rival firms like Kroll Bond Rating Agency. Bonds backed by loans from startups like Avant, Prosper Marketplace and LendingClub Corp. have weaker safeguards for investors than they did two years ago, but are still earning ratings in the A tier or higher, Fitch said. If the economy sours and borrowers default in greater numbers, the notes could be subject to downgrades, the ratings firm said. Fitch focused in particular on a safeguard known as credit enhancement, which helps protect investors from losses in the loans backing the securities. Fitch remains unconvinced. As an example of what the ratings firm sees as slipping standards, it pointed in a report last week to weaker credit enhancement in securitizations from online lender Avant. Investors in the company's A rated asset-backed bonds sold in 2017 would suffer losses after the underlying loans lost more than 43%. For 2018 deals, losses come after declines of 36%, and for a deal that was sold in March, 31%. Data show similar trends for securitizations from LendingClub, Marlette, and Prosper. Many of the firms tightened their lending standards sometime before 2017 through steps like increasing minimum consumer credit scores. Those tighter standards have only resulted in stable performance for loans, rather than improving performance, a sign that overall trends for the loans are deteriorating, said Orenstein. At least some investors are wary of the asset class, which has only been in existence for about six years and has seen cumulative issuance of only about $45 billion. "This market has really not been tested under more distressed economic conditions," said Gregory Finck, a portfolio manager and head of securitized-credit investments at Morgan Stanley Investment Management.
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In sub-Saharan Africa, urban population has doubled since the mid-1990s, reaching 400 million people in 2016. 40% of region's total population resides in cities, compared to 31% in 2000. @VOANews Africa |
Africa has become the world's most rapidly urbanizing continent. In sub-Saharan Africa, the urban population has doubled since the mid-1990s, and reached 400 million people in 2016. According to experts, 40 percent of the region's total population resides in cities, compared to 31 percent in 2000. During the next 15 years, the United Nations predicts the world's 10 fastest-growing cities will be in Africa. But Africa already has many large cities, and those cities are getting larger. Lagos, in Nigeria, is projected to become the largest city in the world, with an estimated population of 88.3 million people by the year 2100, according to the World Economic Forum.
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"Now approaching 226 million, the number of smartphone connections across Africa has doubled over the last two years" CNN Africa |
Thanks to one of Google's many products, TensorFlow, rural farmers on the continent can diagnose diseased plants by taking a photo of it. TensorFlow came with the launch of Google's artificial intelligence (AI) center in Accra, Ghana's capital city earlier this year. Just as Google is using technology to create tools that address Africa's growing needs, Microsoft continues to invest in growing tech talents on the continent. This week, the company launched its Africa Development Centre (ADC) with two initial sites in Nairobi, Kenya and Lagos, Nigeria. More than 100 local engineers and developers will be hired to work in the new Microsoft facilities in both countries across artificial intelligence, machine learning and mixed reality innovation, according to Microsoft. The plan is to grow this pool of workers to 500 by 2023. "Our desire is to recruit exceptional engineering talent across the continent that will build innovative solutions for global impact,"said Michael Fortin, Microsoft's corporate vice president in a statement.
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Jonas Malheiro Savimbi (Portuguese: 3 August 1934 - 22 February 2002) Africa |
Jonas Malheiro Savimbi (Portuguese: [ˈʒonɐs ˈsavĩbi]; 3 August 1934 – 22 February 2002) was an anti-communist and anti-colonialist Angolan political and military leader who founded and led the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). UNITA first waged a guerrilla war against Portuguese colonial rule, 1966–1974, then confronted the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) during the Angolan Civil War until Savimbi's death in a clash with government troops in 2002.[1]
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Vedanta Seeks Urgent Meeting Over its Besieged Zambian Unit @markets Africa |
Vedanta Resources Ltd. is seeking an urgent meeting with Zambian President Edgar Lungu over the threat to its local assets after a state-owned investment company asked the Lusaka High Court to liquidate them. Lungu at the weekend accused Konkola Copper Mines of lying and cheating and said Africa’s second-biggest copper producer would find other investors to take over the assets. On Tuesday, Zambia’s ZCCM Investments Holdings Plc applied for the liquidation of KCM, in which it holds a 20.6% stake. “Vedanta is a long-standing, loyal investor in KCM and in Zambia having invested over $3 billion since the acquisition of the asset in 2004” and paid about $1.3 billion in taxes in that period, the companies said in an emailed statement. KCM on Tuesday reported a $165 million operating loss before items in the year through March for its Zambian unit. The state’s intervention is “lawful, orderly and under the due process” and Lungu won’t be meeting Vedanta, his spokesman said by text message. “There are no immediate plans to do so, given that there is a legal process underway and so we don’t want any undue pressure on the court process, whose next hearing is this Friday,” Amos Chanda said. There is “no room” for the government to take over KCM, Chanda said. Rather, the “liquidator will now engage all creditors and act as reliable bridge with government, which has a leverage over the more than three prospective investors seeking to take over KCM.” The stand-off has exacerbated a spike in the yield on Zambia’s Eurobonds to almost 20%, and a selloff in the nation’s currency, which is the world’s worst performer against the dollar after Argentina’s peso. Zambia’s economy was already struggling amid a drought and soaring foreign debt, and the tension with Vedanta is heightening investor anxiety. On Monday, government ordered police to man all gates at KCM’s assets, state-owned ZNBC radio reported, citing Copperbelt Province Minister Japhen Mwakalombe. Mineworkers unions have expressed support for the government’s moves. Zambia has for years accused mining companies including Vedanta of not paying enough tax and has made 10 changes in the past 16 years as it struggles to settle on a comprehensive system for the industry. The state has had several run-ins with KCM and in 2013 revoked its chief executive officer’s work permit over planned job cuts. This year’s royalty increases have come as Lungu’s government seeks cash to settle a surging foreign-debt bill. Servicing external loans has already caused foreign reserves to drop to a decade low.
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@BarrickGold Plans to Mop Up Rest of @AcaciaMining to End Tanzania Pain @business Africa |
Barrick Gold Corp. is proposing to buy the shares of Acacia Mining Plc it doesn’t already own at a discount, arguing that the plan offers a route to end the unit’s crippling dispute with Tanzania’s government. The $285 million proposal made to Acacia’s board and management will offer 0.153 of Barrick shares for each Acacia share, the Toronto-based company -- which already owns about two-thirds of the target, said in a statement. The proposal implies a valuation of $787 million for the whole of Acacia, Barrick said. That’s below the company’s current $832 million market capitalization, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. Acacia said it’s considering the proposal and will also seek to clarify the position of Tanzania’s government. Barrick’s Chief Executive Officer Mark Bristow -- who took the post in January and assumed oversight of talks with Tanzania on Acacia -- has previously criticized peers for offering large premiums, and in February made a hostile nil-premium offer for Newmont Mining Corp., which was later withdrawn. Acacia shares fell as much as 8.4% in London trading on Wednesday. The stock has tumbled since 2017, when Tanzania banned the export of unprocessed metals, then presented the company with a $190 billion tax bill, equivalent to two centuries of revenue. Earlier this month, Bristow flagged Barrick may need to intervene to “force” agreement on a final settlement. For almost two years, Barrick has been leading negotiations with the government, first under Executive Chairman John Thornton and, more recently, under Bristow. In meetings with Barrick in recent days, Tanzania’s government indicated “it is not prepared to enter into a settlement directly with Acacia,” the larger producer said in its statement. “A basis for a settlement has been developed but not finalized, in meetings this weekend,” Barrick said. A framework deal previously struck in 2017 had proposed Acacia should pay $300 million to settle the tax claims and agree to split returns from operations with the country going forward. Barrick’s offer “reflects fair value,” as well as its experience leading the negotiations and other due diligence, the producer said. The proposal is subject to conditions including the recommendation of Acacia’s board, Barrick said. Relations between the companies appeared to have worsened this month, when Acacia CEO Peter Geleta pushed back against Barrick’s criticism over the lack progress in efforts to reach a settlement. “Acacia notes that it continues to be excluded from the discussions between Barrick and the government of Tanzania,” the company said in a statement on Wednesday. “In the meantime, Acacia shareholders are strongly advised to take no further action.” Barrick has until June 18 to decide if it will make a firm intention to make an offer, the company said.
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Together with the enthusiastic support of state media, @edmnangagwa and his officials have announced more than $27 billion of planned investment ranging from new platinum mines to steel mills and hydropower dams @business Africa |
The economy is in its most dire state since 2008, when inflation surged to an estimated 500 billion percent. Medicines, fuel and foreign currency are in short supply, prices of basic goods such as bread are surging and the International Monetary Fund has forecast the first economic contraction in 11 years. And many of the investment projects announced by the government haven’t progressed beyond the memorandum of understanding or feasibility stage. “We are still very confident that the bulk of the investments and expressions of interest will materialize,” said Nick Mangwana, the government spokesman. “Of course there will be those that fail to get finances to invest in Zimbabwe because of the blight of sanctions, and there will be those who also delay whilst they monitor the success of our current reforms, but in the whole we are very optimistic.” May 15, 2019: In an article headlined “U.K. beef giant takes over CSC,” the Herald said Zimbabwe’s state-owned cold-storage company would transfer its cattle ranches and abattoirs to Boustead Beef Ltd. for 25 years in exchange for it investing $130 million in the company and paying off debts of $42.5 million. ZwNews reported on the same day that the British firm is a “briefcase company” with no history of doing business. There is no record of Boustead on the U.K.’s companies register. April 23, 2019: Mines Minister Winston Chitando said an agreement has been signed with China’s Tsingshan Holding Group Co. to build a 1 million-metric-ton per year stainless-steel export facility in the landlocked country, as well as a power plant and a possible lithium mine at a total cost of $10 billion. April 10, 2019: Deputy Mines Minister Polite Kambamura said a deal had been signed with Russian investors to build a $4 billion platinum mine. The project is struggling to attract finance because potential backers are wary of the stake held by Zimbabwe’s military. Feb. 19, 2019: A venture between the Zimbabwean and Zambian governments said they’ve shortlisted bidding groups for a $4 billion hydropower plant on the Zambezi River. Nov. 1, 2018: Mnangagwa told reporters that Invictus Energy Ltd. had found oil and gas deposits in the country. The next day, Invictus said it hadn’t discovered oil. May 18, 2018: The Herald reported that South Africa’s Nkosikhona Holdings will build a $5.2 billion coal-to-fuel plant in Zimbabwe. A search of South Africa’s company records shows Nkosikhona has one director and an address in a light-industrial area. March 22, 2018: Zimbabwe signed a $4.2 billion deal with Karo Resources, a closely held Cyprus-based company, to build a platinum mine. On April 17, Mnangagwa tweeted that the project is moving ahead and will create 2,500 jobs. On May 15, Tharisa Plc, which has taken a stake in the project, said some drilling has started and the company is awaiting approval of its environmental-impact assessment study. Zimbabwe has plenty to offer, with a cornucopia of minerals including the world’s third-biggest platinum-group-metal reserves, and some of the best transport infrastructure in the region. Local ownership rules have been relaxed, as has a currency regime that hindered access to dollars. Still, a disputed 2018 election, in which Mnangagwa retained power, and the violent suppression of protests earlier this year have underscored the country’s instability. Few companies with a “rational level of risk appetite” will invest in the country in its current state, said Jee-A van der Linde, an economist at NKC African Economics. The African Development Bank estimated foreign direct investment last year at $470 million, about a third of the $1.1 billion attracted by northern neighbor Zambia and a fraction of the $2.3 billion that flowed into Mozambique, which lies to the east. For some Zimbabweans, the investment pledges evoke memories of Mugabe, who was prone to announcing mega-deals that didn’t materialize. For example, in September 2017 Mugabe announced plans to revive Zimbabwe Iron & Steel Works Ltd., once the second-largest steelmaker in sub-Saharan Africa. The project never got off the ground. ““Mega-deals may be mega-deals, they may be mega-nonsense,” said Joe Chabikwa, who sells potted plants to passing motorists in the capital, Harare. “These days you believe what you see with your own eyes.”
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Zimbabwe's Currency Rout Stops as It Touts $500 Million Plan @markets Africa |
Zimbabwe may not yet have pushed through with its plan to alleviate a crippling dollar shortage, but its currency has already strengthened on the black market. The RTGS$ appreciated about 27% from a record low on Monday, according to marketwatch.co.zw, a website run by financial analysts, after the central bank said it would inject $500 million into the foreign-exchange market. The central bank is intervening to stem a rout in recent weeks and as the price of goods soars at the fastest pace in more than a decade. Local investors have been piling into the stock market to hedge against inflation, which climbed above 75% in April. Governor John Mangudya said on Saturday the injection would “go a long way to stabilize the exchange rates and prices of goods and services,” and Finance Minister Mthuli Ncube said the money is from “international banks,” without naming them. The loan is a four-year facility obtained from the African Export-Import Bank and uses platinum production as collateral, a person familiar with the details of the agreement said. The foreign-currency crisis is choking businesses and heaping pressure on President Emmerson Mnangagwa, who came to power in 2017 and won an election in July, promising to revive an economy that had all but collapsed under his long-standing predecessor and ally, Robert Mugabe. “Investor confidence has sunk,” said Chiedza Madzima, a senior analyst at Fitch Solutions in Johannesburg. “Since elections last year, there has been a significant erosion of trust that the authorities can maintain political and economic stability and implement key reforms needed to attract investors.” Zimbabwe revamped its currency system in February as long queues formed for fuel, medicine and other imported goods. Deadly protests had erupted a month earlier after the government more than doubled gasoline prices. The central bank’s decision to scrap a peg tying RTGS$ to the U.S. dollar at parity and let it trade on a formal market seemed to work at first. But a lack of liquidity and transparency over which companies and individuals can access hard currency from the central bank started to raise doubts about the new system. An absence of inflows from investors, who are concerned the government’s fiscal policy is still too loose, didn’t help. While the black-market rate has now strengthened to 5.5 per dollar from 7, it’s still almost 40% weaker than the official value of 3.48. The equity market is also under stress. The Zimbabwe Industrial Index has risen for 19 straight days and is up about 20% this quarter, the most globally. That’s bad news. In Zimbabwe’s topsy-turvy markets, rising equities are a sign that local investors are rushing to protect themselves against inflation. The assumption is that stock prices will rise in tandem with those of goods and services across the economy.“Pressures are mounting for wage increases to cope with” inflation, said John Robertson, an independent economist based in Harare. “Desperation seems to be growing.” Reflecting how skewed the market is, the Harare shares of Old Mutual Ltd., Africa’s largest insurer, trade at about 2.3 times the price of those in London and Johannesburg, when converted to the same currency. The difference has grown from 1.6 times in mid-April. “Zimbabwe’s solution lies in the faster adoption of key reforms,” said Fitch Solutions’ Madzima. “These include fiscal consolidation, strengthening core institutions such as the central bank and liberalizing key sectors like mining, electricity and fuel. These may take years as they require simultaneous engagement with multilateral lenders.”
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Zimbabwe hikes fuel prices again; new currency slides Africa |
The fuel price rise, likely to push up the country’s soaring inflation rate, was accompanied by a plunge in the country’s RTGS dollar - which posted its biggest one-day fall against the U.S. dollar on the interbank market. Oil firms started buying dollars on the interbank to import fuel on Tuesday, having previously been allowed to use a 1:1 dollar to RTGS$ rate. The latest price increase had been expected. It followed a 150% fuel price hike in January, which sparked violent street protests and led to the death of a dozen people after a harsh security crackdown.[nL8N1ZE26M] The Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority (ZERA) said in a circular that diesel would now cost RTGS$4.89, up from RTGS$3.26, and petrol RTGS$4.97, compared with RTGS$3.38. It had earlier on Tuesday denied plans to increase the price of fuel. The Reserve Bank had been under pressure to remove the fuel subsidy, with economists saying some fuel companies were accessing cheap foreign currency and selling it on the black market instead of importing fuel. Traders at three commercial banks said the RTGS$ had weakened to a low of 4.6 against the greenback compared to 3.5 at the opening of trading on Tuesday, its biggest drop in a day since the interbank was launched on Feb. 22. Treasury’s permanent secretary, George Guvamatanga, said the government would subsidize public transport and that the state bus company would charge a maximum of RTGS$1 for local trips to cushion commuters from the effects of the fuel price hikes.
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South Africa's Strategic Fuel Fund is welcome to bring in partners to help it execute a $1 billion agreement to drill for oil and build a refinery and pipeline in South Sudan, the central African nation's oil minister said. Africa |
Under the agreement, signed between the two governments on May 6, the Strategic Fuel Fund holds 90% of the project in B2 block with the Nile Petroleum Corp., South Sudan’s national oil company, owning the rest, Ezekiel Gatkuoth said in an interview at Bloomberg’s office in Johannesburg after earlier meeting his South African counterpart. The project, which Gatkuoth expects to reach production in about six years, includes the construction of a 60,000 barrel per day oil refinery in Pagak, he said.
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20-MAY-2019 :: The "Kachumbari bond" Kenyan Economy |
Its not often that the Annals of Gastronomy and Finance meet unlike in the days of yore when I traded the French markets and Sherveen used to put me up in a suite in The Meurice and we would both quaff some very fine wine [Chateau Margaux to be precise] at the Jules Verne restaurant which was half way up the Eiffel Tower.
Kenya sold $2.1b of ''“Kachumbari'' Eurobonds last week. Its not clear where the naming impulse came from but for clarity's sake, Kachumbari is a fresh tomato and onion salad dish that is popular in the cuisines of East Africa. It is an uncooked salad dish consisting of chopped tomatoes, onions, and chili peppers. The Swahili word kachumbari originated from the Indian word cachumber. Therefore, I approve of the appellation because it speaks with some subtlety to an Indian Ocean heritage and in a circular manner brings us to Andrew Korybko's point that
The "Indian Ocean Region" is expected to become the geostrategic center of gravity and that Kenya is not only a land based Transit State but also a Gateway to the Indian Ocean Economy.
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